Compensation and Benefits support Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Compensation and Benefits support - Essay Example The strategic compensation plan of an organization certainly plays an important role to woo competent resource. Competitive price tags will attract experienced employees to come and join the organization. Hence, employees having better qualification and experience can be of great help in meeting the set revenue targets besides establishing the credibility of the organization in the market (Balkin & Gomez†Mejia 157). The strategic compensation plan for employees should be based on pay for performance. How can be a visionary and non-visionary person treated alike? As far as the sales employees are concerned, they should be given commission on their total sales. Reward system in an organization is a source of motivation for the employees to pursue their goals. Thinking of hard working by the employees without hoping for a reward is very difficult (Balkin & Gomez†Mejia 158). Retention of valuable resource amounts a hard nut to crack if it is not supported by the monetary benefits. There is an adage that â€Å"happy laborers work more†. To keep employees of repute for a longer period of time, it is utmost important for HRM to compensate them through increase in salary, promotion and cash performance reward so that they may not jump into other companies for better career prospects. If aforementioned measures are implemented in letter and in spirit, experienced workforce will think twice before going out in searching of another job opportunity (Armstrong 72). Competitive compensation and benefits are the key elements to attract the best talent available in the job market. Further, organizations that offer insurance covered health policy and guaranteed paid vacation are the hotcakes for the lucrative job hunters. It should be the focal point of HRM of any corporate entity in their compensation policy. Mentioned benefits should be linked with the increased profitability of the company and the performance of the employees as well

Strategic Plan Initiative Essay Example for Free

Strategic Plan Initiative Essay Starbucks is a fast growing coffee distributor around the globe. Starbucks is challenged to manage its business with strategic initiatives. This paper will discuss the relationship between strategic and financial planning efforts of the Seattle-based barista and initiatives outlined in the latest annual report. Also, how these initiatives affect the organization’s financial planning and what risks are associated with the initiatives will be reviewed. Understandably, in the highly competitive market of supplying customers with the best coffee products calls for calculated strategic and financial planning. Strategic Vs. Financial Planning Starbucks began as a lone coffee shop in Seattle, Washington; just 40 years later, Starbucks is now a leading competitor of coffee confections around the world (Starbucks, 2012). Because the ultimate goal is to be the best supplier of good coffee to coffee enthusiasts, having strategic and financial plans in place is crucial, since one is the basis for the other. Strategic planning is the guide for which all financial planning will follow suit. A â€Å"strategic plan defines, in very general terms, how the firm plans to make money in the future† (Titman, Keown, Marin, 2011, p. 564). The strategic plan is the backdrop that drives and guides financial planning. â€Å"Financial planning is all about allocating finite resources such as money, employees and equipment over time, to reach the broad goals set out in strategic planning. To do so involves measuring current performance against past data and trends for the future† (Boone, 2013, para. 3). There are four key compo nents to developing a financial plan which engages many different players. The four steps are: collect historical financial data, identify trends, adjust projections, and revise estimates (Titman, Keown, Marin, p. 564, 2011). But strategists cannot forget that financial planning can be divided into two components, short and long term planning. Long term planning is typically three to five years, whereas short term looks only one year ahead. Starbucks outlines both short and long strategic planning initiatives each year in annual reports and in turn gives the public and stakeholders the short and long term company initiatives. Starbucks Strategic Planning Initiatives and Financial Effects Starbucks has a number of creditors, investors, shareholders, and all around stakeholders that have a vested interest in viewing the success and vision of the company regularly. The latest annual report, 2011, speaks to these initiatives in great detail, outlining the successes and risks of chosen strategic path. According to the Starbucks Annual Report 2011, (2011), the c ompany â€Å"reported the highest annual revenue ever: $11.7 billion† (Starbucks Corporation Fiscal Year 2011 Annual Report, 2012, p. 1). Clearly, the Starbucks leaders and family are doing something right, and most assuredly, the strategic initiatives are working. One key initiative was to increase earnings per share and return millions to shareholders; not an easy task given the troubled economy in the United States. Starbucks â€Å"ended fiscal 2011 with record earnings per share of $1.62, up 31 percent from last year’s $1.24 per share. Through share repurchases and dividends, we returned approximately $945 million to shareholders, more than doubling the amount returned in fiscal 2010† (Starbucks Corporation Fiscal Year 2011 Annual Report, 2012, p. 3). According to Titman, Keown, Marin (2011), one key principal of the valuation of investment opportunities is made available through cash flows (p. 333). Looking at the cash flows data from 2010 to 2011, Starbucks decreased approximately $.1 billion cash flows from operations and increased capital expenditures by approximately $92 million (Starbucks Corporation Fiscal Year 2011 Annual Report, p. 21, 2012). Starbucks actively manages these as short-term investments. Another feather in the Starbucks cap is payment of cash dividends to shareholders. In 2011, $.13 per share totaling $390 million was paid (Starbucks Corporation Fiscal Year 2011 Annual Report, p. 21, 2012). Studies have shown that use of cash in this manner, paying cash dividends and share repurchases, has grown significantly from stating that â€Å"the proportion of firm earnings distributed through both approaches has grown from about 40% in the 1970s to near 80% by 2000† (Titman, Keown, Marin, 2011, p. 537). These Initiatives of this nature can affect the organization’s financial planning lending better cash revenues and fiscal statistics. More specifically, reducing the number of stocks increases the earnings per share. This was evident with the price per share increase of $.38 per share from 2010 to 2011, as noted above. However, companies cannot operate without caution; risks are associated with every financial planning endeavor and the initiative to pay out millions to shareholders is not without exception. Risks associated with the initiative. When conducting financial risk management, leadership and financial planners cognizant of market risks associated with the financial planning efforts and the long term effects of these short term goals. â€Å"Market risk is defined as the risk of losses due to changes in commodity prices, foreign currency exchange rates, equity security prices, and interest rates† (Starbucks Corporation Fiscal Year 2011 Annual Report, 2012, p. 37 ). Companies today must closely monitor market trends and risks alike. Starbucks is no exception, and significantly due to its dealings overseas and across varied currency rates and cultures. Although, market risks are not key player when discussing cash dividends and share repurchases. The main risk here is the long term impact of the payout strategy. It is commonly believed that just increasing earnings per share does not necessarily mean company success. â€Å"Companies shouldnt confuse the value created by returning cash to shareholders with the value created by actual operational improvements; moreover, a companys fixation on buybacks might come at the cost of investments in its long-term health† (Dobbs Rehm, 2005, para. 1, 3). Management must understand the pitfalls of creative financing and keep the benefits to shareholders as a key focus and paramount for longevity. Conclusion The Starbucks Corporation is committed to profiteering with short term investments and long term focus to remain competitive. Starbucks understands the relationship between strategic and financial planning and many initiatives are outlined in every annual report. In particular, the financial planning was clearly defined by a number of incentives, and the incentive to utilize cash flows to return a substantial allocation to shareholders and reduce shares through share buybacks created success story for the company. The coffee market is not without major competitors, however, the strategic vision, financial planning, and monitoring of financial risks allows Starbucks to not only stay afloat, but lead the coffee frontier. References Boone, B. (2013). What’s the difference between strategic and financial planning? Retrieved from http://money.howstuffworks.com/personal-finance/financial-planning/strategic-and-financial-planning.htm Dobbs, R. Rehm, W. (2005, August). The value of share buybacks. McKinsey Quarterly. Retrieved from http://www.mckinseyquarterly.com/The_value_of_share_buybacks_1630 Starbucks Corporation Fiscal Year 2011 Annual Report. (2012). Retrieved from http://investor.starbucks.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=99518p=irol-irhome Titman, S., Keown, A.J., Marin, J.D. (2011). Financial management: Principles and applications (11th ed.). Retrieved from University of Phoenix eBook Collection database.

Ebook Security With Adobe Adapt DRM

Ebook Security With Adobe Adapt DRM Abstract EBooks can be secured in various ways dependant on device or format. The report focuses on the encryption method used by Adobe in their Adept DRM used to secure EPUB and PDF formats. The report describes what a DRM is and its uses and purposes within the industry, how Adobe have adapted this for their purpose, the RSA and AES encryptions used, along with any advancements and vulnerabilities with the process. Recommendations are then given on how the process could be improved and conclusions drawn on the overall effectiveness of the system. Table of Contents 2. Literature review 2.1 What is DRM 2.2 RSA with PKCS#1 v1.5 padding 2.2.1 PKCS #1 2.2.2 RSA 2.2.2.1 GENERATE A PUBLIC KEY AND PRIVATE KEY 2.2.3 Padding 2.3 AES in CBC mode with a random generated IV 4. Vulnerabilities Security Known attacks Side-channel attacks NIST/CSEC validation Test vectors 5. Recommendations 6. Conclusion 7. References 2. Literature review 2.1 What is DRM? Digital Rights Management or DRMs restrict the ability to print, modify, lend or use the extended features of purchased digital media specifically EBooks. Restriction levels are dependent on publishers, distributors, device and even time. These restrictions are also used to limit the number of E-Readers a book can be viewed on and time restrictions on features can be added. DRMs come in different forms, at present there are eight main types, excluding obscure formats or those used in non-English countries, and a large proportion of these are incompatible with each other. While there is no de-facto standard, Adobe DRM is the most prolific, although Amazon Kindle and Apple iBooks use proprietary DRMs. The Adobe ADEPT DRM system has five key parts: Adobe Content server is responsible for the storage and management of EBooks. Adobe Activation Server is responsible for storing and tracking Adobe IDs and authorised devices. Adobe Content Server Message (ACSM) file carries the details of the book including name, synopsis and location. Adobe ID is the unique identification that is associated with the user. This is required to unlock the ACSM. Adobe Reader Software Development Kit (SDK) is used for distributers to create their own mobile reading apps. (Jenny Ellis and Kyle Cook (2013)) The following process is used when a purchased EBook with an Adobe Adept DRM is opened with Adobe Digital Editions. 1. A unique user key is created for the user account encrypted with RSA with PKCS#1 v1.5 padding by the E-Reader software. The account information not the device is used to create the key therefore allowing an EBook with DRM to be read on various devices. This is required to open the ACSM file. 2. Once an EBook is purchased a key for decryption known as the book key or ACSM is sent to the user. This book key is encrypted by the distributor using the unique user key created in step one. The book encryption is AES with Cipher Block Chaining with an Initialization vector that is randomly generated. 3.T he E-Reader software uses the user key to decrypt the book key and subsequently the book key is used to decrypt the EBook and allow access to the device or software. Copying is prevented by requiring the user key to decrypt the book key as it is not stored in a decrypted form on the device or software. To enable reading on another device it requires authorisation, once complete the user key is sent and the device is registered allowing EBook to be read on the newly enabled device. (Xiao Zhang 201) Image 01: The DRM Process 2.2 RSA with PKCS#1 v1.5 padding RSA with Public Key Cryptography Standards (PKCS) #1 and padding is used to encrypt the unique user account key, below is a description of how each part works to protect the user identification and eBook. 2.2.1 PKCS #1 PKCS #1 is the first standard of mathematical recommendations and properties for the correct implementation of RSA public and private keys. The key pairs are based on a modulus of two distinct large prime numbers. (Weisstein 2015) 2.2.2 RSA Image 02: How RSA Encryption Works (Page Don 2010) In 1977 Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir and Leonard Adleman first described RSA public key or asymmetric cryptography. RSA uses two keys, one public one private that are mathematically linked. As the name suggests public keys can be shared with anyone whereas the private key must be kept secure. Either key can be used to encrypt the data and the opposite key is used to decrypt. RSA if implemented correctly can provide confidentiality, integrity and non-reputability of electronic communications and data storage. (Rouse 2014) 2.2.2.1 Generating Public and Private Keys The first step to generating the public and private keys is two prime numbers. A prime number is a number greater 1 and is only divisible by 1 or itself. Examples of prime numbers are: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41. These two prime numbers p and q are multiplied together to give n and multiplied together minus one to give t. For Example: p = 29q= 31 n = p * q = 29 * 31 ∠´ n = 899 t = ( p -1 ) * ( q 1) = ( 29 1 ) * ( 31 1 ) ∠´ t = 840 Another prime number e is required, although e needs to be a relative prime to t, therefore t cannot be divisible by e. Since t = 840, e cannot be 2, 3, 5 or 7 ∠´ e can be 11, 13, 17 etc. 11 was selected as it was the first relative prime to t. ∠´ e = 11. The last figure required for the calculations is d. The formula used to ascertain d is: d * e = 1 mod t ∠´ (d * 11) / 840 will result in the remainder of 1. To find d the inverse of e mod t is required and is often computed using the Extended Euclidean Algorithm. ∠´ ( 611* 11) / 840 = 8 r 1 ∠´ d = 611. The public key is n and e ∠´ 899 and 11. The private key is n and d ∠´ 899 and 611. (Page Don 2010) 2.3 AES in CBC mode with a random generated IV AES with Cipher Block Chaining with an Initialization vector that is randomly generated is used to encrypt the book key or ACSM, below is a description of how each part works to protect the eBook to prevent unauthorised use. 3. Vulnerabilities On paper, this encryption scheme ensures a strong DRM mechanism. However, it was soon observed that the software used to read ePubs and PDFs, Adobe Digital Editions, uses a very weak obfuscation to hide the per-user key. An attack that uses reverse-engineering on the software reveals a rather easy method of retrieving the per-user key from the software and use it to decrypt other Adept encrypted PDF or ePub file. Newer versions of the Adobe Digital Editions use more cryptic ways of hiding the per-user key, but attacks still exist to retrieve it from the registry 4. Recommendations Adobe Digital Editions, uses a very weak obfuscation to hide the per-user key. An attack that uses reverse-engineering on the software reveals a rather easy method of retrieving the per-user key from the software and use it to decrypt other Adept encrypted PDF or ePub file. Newer versions of the Adobe Digital Editions use more cryptic ways of hiding the per-user key, but attacks still exist to retrieve it from the registry  for better useable security and privacy Write with  the  knowledge  you have gained during  the  lectures  and  also  sensible  intuition  about improvements that can be made to ensure better security and privacy of all involved state holders. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ §Ã‚  You are  not  asked to  provide  workable solutions there should be no limit  to your imagination; however with  sensible intuition. You can discuss systems, frameworks, protocols, tools, best practices, government  regulations etc. 5. Conclusion highlight important facts and findings. 6. References http://www.inthelibrarywiththeleadpipe.org/2013/building-a-community-of-readers-social-reading-and-an-aggregated-ebook-reading-app-for-libraries/ http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse571-11/ftp/drm/#sec2.3.1 E-Book Security and Preventing Theft and Unauthorised Editing http://inkwelleditorial.com/prevent-ebook-theft http://ebookforum.info/how-can-i-stop-theft-of-my-ebook/ http://www.star-force.com/press/articles/?news=2562 DRM http://ebookarchitects.com/learn-about-ebooks/drm/ https://www.editionguard.com/

Religious Ceremonies In Theatre :: essays research papers fc

Theatre as a Religious Ceremony   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The drama in Greece was inextricably bound up with religious feeling and religious observance.† (Cheney 33) The citizens of the Greek states were the first European communities to raise dramatic performances to the level of an art. Furthermore, the Greek playwrights still exercise a potent creative force, and many modern dramatists find strong relationships between these legendary themes and modern conditions. The Greek’s religion is wholly responsible for the creation of all facets of early Greek theatre; whether it is the content of the plays, or the immense size of the theaters required to accommodate the attendance of the city’s men.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although much is speculated about the origins of early Greek theater, it may be stated that the â€Å"source of tragedy is to be found in choric dithyrambs sung in honor of the god Dionysus† (Nicoll 9). The performance took place in an open-air theater. The word tragedy is derived from the term â€Å"tragedia† or â€Å"goat-song†, named for the goat skins the chorus wore in the performance. Originally these songs were improvised and rhapsodical as time passed by they were â€Å"poetized or rendered literary† (Nicoll 9). The word â€Å"chorus† meant â€Å"dance or â€Å"dancing ground†, which was how dance evolved into the drama. Members of the chorus were characters in the play that commented on the action. They drew the audience into the play and reflected the audience’s reactions. The change from freelance song to theatre was obtained at the hands of a Greek named Thespis. He turned what was originally a song lea der, or priest, into an actor whose words were answered by a chanting chorus. Thespis also â€Å"changed the subject matter of theatre events, expanding them to deal not solely on stories of Dionysus† (Nicoll 9). In the sixth century B.C., drama had been born in Greece and with the introduction of a second actor and later a third, this art form was ready to mature at the hands of Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  These festivals grew in size and complexity, especially in Athens, where the largest of these festivals were held and only the premier playwrights released their plays. These prestigious and elaborate plays were performed at dramatic festivals. The two main festivals were the Feast of the Winepress in January and the City Dionysia at the end of March. The Proceeding began with the procession of choruses and actors of the three competing poets.

Warriors Don’t Cry by Melba Patillo Beals

The Novel, Warriors Don’t Cry by Melba Patillo Beals, touch basis on African American teenagers in 1957; being the first ever to be integrated in to an all white high school. Melba the leader of the fight for justice in the school system was twelve years old, the Supreme Court ruled that separate schools for whites was illegal, a ruling called the Brown Vs. Broward of Education of Topeka, Kansas. In the year after the ruling, Melba sees very little change in segregation. Melba is still at an all black high school, but she and sixteen other black students sign up to attend the white school in Little Rock , Central High School. It then narrowed down nine because the others even couldn’t handle the violent threats. Every day they would get dropped off to Central High School it would be a mob of whites standing behind barricades shouting out racist slurs. For instance, â€Å"Niggers go back to Africa† or â€Å"We don’t want your dumb asses here†. Those hatred words meant absolutely nothing because Melba and her friends stood their ground even if it meant getting scolded with steaming water in the locker room showers or getting their books knocked out of their hands. They have changed the way blacks are being treated today in society and now we have better opportunities when it comes down to education. Just from reading this novel made me think back on my life as an African American living in a suburban area whereas whites were the only ones walking the streets. When we rode up in our fancy all black Cadillac Escalade followed by three U-Haul trucks in Sunrise, Fl, I’ll never forget how the whole neighborhood came outside hands over face waiting to see what was going to step out of that tinted SUV. My heart as well my family’s, popped out our chest just because we had got the vibe that the welcome we get won’t be sunny side up. As we pulled up to this beige two story home, picket fence, huge pool with a Jacuzzi, fresh smelling green grass my eyes were in amazement. Back where I came from in Opalocka, Fl, our grass was nowhere near that color and we surely didn’t have pools because most blacks don’t know how to swim so you will rarely see those. Finally, we opened our doors together hoping it goes well and to our amazement, everyone grabbed their kids in terror and ran inside their homes. I couldn’t understand why blacks can’t be welcomed as human versus criminals. Next thing we know, police were racing down the street and our next door neighbor ran outside screaming and pointing our way saying, â€Å"That’s them! Those niggers are intruding! † My older sister, Chaunte and I cried and cried because we thought that once Martin Luther King Jr. made those changes everything would be normal. The police grabbed my mom and dad and asked what’s going on. One fat, smelly, white policeman stepped out of the car with a gun and asked, â€Å"How did you people afford a house here? Are you drug dealers? † Who in God’s name gave whites the permission to determine whether or not blacks have decent jobs; my parents together make a larger salary than they ever will. He then spits on our drive way and exclaimed, â€Å"You niggers better what your backs! † My mom being so religious scooped us up inside the house and we all prayed together. While my dad handles all the household work, my mom took us down to this all white school in Coconut Grove named Carrolton. Where we derived from was an all black community meaning all black schools, so this I knew would be a drastic adjustment. My mom didn’t believe in nothing but the best education for her kids so we were going to attend that school like it or not. The next day we started school and it was nothing dreamy. It seemed like were the game pieces on a board game just getting played with. Once my mom disappeared out of sight, everyone threw their lunches on us and pulled our ponytails, screaming, and â€Å"Go back to the projects! † it hurt my heart because they didn’t even give us a chance, but we did fight back that’s what my mom brought us up to do. The bell rung and everyone scattered to class, leaving my sister and I outside crying while we try to make ourselves presentable again. We finally walked inside going our separate ways and as I walk up Ms. Miller’s second grade class I inhale a deep gulp of air. Tempting to place my hands on the door knob I finally walk in, and looking over at my teacher whom obviously didn’t want me there either because she didn’t even bother to greet me but instead just rolled her eyes and continued writing the assignments on the chalk board. All the white kids giving me this deep hatred stare, following me as I walk to an empty desk of course to the back of the classroom. As I go sit down I noticed that they took out all the screws out the seat and carved in the desk lots of racist words like: Nigger, Kunt, Cotton picker, African, and Nappy head. It was rough but look at where I am today, a predominately white college and doing well. To sum all up, I respect Melba for standing up for what’s right. No young girl/boy should have to be a warrior but able to cling to the innocence that’s been slipping away throughout the year. Having accepted the role of a warrior for integration, Melba finds that she can’t put it aside so easily. She learns that being a warrior means more than just venturing into new and hostile territory. It also means leaving behind friends whom doesn’t believe in fighting for their ethnicity but just settling for whatever the white man says is right. The struggle entails more than one persons desire to go to a better high school or eat at a better diner or ride in the front of the bus. Melba’s struggle is a quest to improve the lives of black people all over the country. Melba’s participation in this quest is why her grandmother calls her one of God’s warriors. Myself as a black female learned a valuable lesson from just reading this novel that it can be changes made of only you take the time to speak up and never back down from it because of the obstacles you are likely to face.

buy custom Information Systems Support essay

buy custom Information Systems Support essay Information systems have a major role in the e-business and e-commerce processes, enterprise relationship along with management, and tactical success of businesses which must run in an internetworked global atmosphere. Therefore the field of information systems has turned out to be majorpurposeful area of business management. Managers as well as business professional need to be well acquainted with effectual and responsible application in running of information systems along with technologies. I have worked in a company that offers full-service expertise solutions by mixing voice, video, along with data to make a business more cost-effective and productive. In our company we offer various support services for learning institution and businesses. We as well design, control, and supervise enterprise wireless networks comprising of Cisco insubstantial access points and checkers. Since the immensity of our work has to do with looking for solutions for organizations information transportation needs, we always make use of IT. IT plays a major role in globalization, communication. Moreover it offers a platform for our company to get connected globally with Internet. Since Internet has a wide range of customers, buyers, service providers, technical staff, etc, business can operate on a on its own website like General Electric Company. Moreover Information system along with technology offers various feeds to communication like E-mail, immediate messages, and SMS servers, along with other to each and every employee at whichever time in the world. Nevertheless Software is veryimperative for a business for instant Information of stocks, property valuation, sales, acquisitions, and service. This kind of software assists in saving time and price of the company. You will find out that with this, decision making can be very easy to the organization after IT for the reason that it provide newest information to the running for employee, stocks, sales, purchase, as well as services. Moreover the management can make a conclusion after confirming IT reports. Moreover it has helped to automate the business procedure thus reforming businesses to make them tremendously cost effective money making gears. This in turn boosts productivity which in the end gives rise to profits that way better pay and less tiring working conditions. Nevertheless Information systems (IS) execute three vital roles in industry firms. Business applications of IS hold up an organizations business procedures, business decision-making, and planned aggressive advantage. chief application categories of IS in our company include function support systems, such as business deal processing systems, process control systems in addition to enterprise collaboration systems as well as management support systems, such as management information systems (MIS) , decision support systems, and managerial information systems. Other main categories are specialist systems, knowledge executive systems, strategic information systems, and functional business systems. on the other hand, in the real world most application categories are joint into cross-functional IS that offer information and support for;managerial and also perform prepared information processing actions. IT has done more than bringing the world closer together; it has permitted the world's financial system to become a single inter-reliant system. Therefore we are capable not only to share information fast and efficiently, however we can also reduce language barriers and geographic restrictions. It has assisted to bridge the cultural opening by helping community from different cultures to converse with one another, and permit for the exchange of views and ideas, thus increasing consciousness and plummeting prejudice. Now the world has turned out into a global village due to the help of IT making it possible for countries like Chile and Japan who are not only alienated by distance but also by verbal communication to shares ideas and information with one another. With the help of IT, communication has also grown to be cheaper, faster, and more proficient. We can at this moment communicate with anybody around the globe by just text messaging them or sending them an email for a nearly instantaneous reply. The internet has also released up face to face straight communication from dissimilar parts of the world thanks to the helps of video conferencing. For the majority businesses, there are a diversity of requirements for information. Higher-ranking managers need information to assist with their business preparation. Middle management needs additional detailed information to help them keep an eye on and control company activities. Workers with outfitted roles need information to assist them carry out their duties. Buy custom Information Systems Support essay